Emadolobheni amakhulu, amabhayisikili asebenzisa amandla kagesi kanye nama-pedal ukuze athwale imithwalo esindayo kancane kancane athatha indawo yamaloli avamile aletha impahla.phezulu
Njalo ngoLwesibili, umfana osogwini ogibele ibhayisikili elinamasondo amathathu ayinqaba uyama egcekeni ngaphandle kwesitolo sika-ayisikhilimu sase-Kate e-Portland, e-Oregon, ukuze abuyise izimpahla ezintsha.
Wafaka amabhokisi angu-30 ka-ayisikhilimu ka-Kate we-merchandise-vegan ane-waffle cobbler kanye ne-marionberry cobbler-esikhwameni sefriji, futhi wakubeka nezinye izimpahla ebhokisini lensimbi elifakwe ngemva kwesihlalo.Elayishe impahla efika kumakhilogremu angu-600, washayela waya enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSandy Boulevard.
I-pedal stroke ngayinye ithuthukiswa injini kagesi ethule efihlwe ku-chassis.Naphezu kokuyala imoto yezohwebo engamamitha angu-4 ububanzi, ugibele umzila wamabhayisikili.
Ngemva kwekhilomitha nesigamu, ibhayisekili elinamasondo amathathu lafika endaweni yokugcina impahla ye-B-line Urban Delivery.Le nkampani itholakala maphakathi nedolobha, izinyathelo ezimbalwa nje ukusuka emfuleni iWillamette.Uthulula izimpahla ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla ezincane neziphakathi nendawo kunezindawo zokugcina ezinkulu ezivame ukuthwala amaphakheji.
Ingxenye ngayinye yalesi simo ihlukile ezindleleni eziningi zokugcina zokulethwa kwemayela namuhla.Kulula ukucabanga ngesevisi ye-B-line njengenye into engavamile yase-Portland.Kepha amaphrojekthi afanayo ayakhula ezinhloko-dolobha zaseYurophu njengeParis neBerlin.Kwakusemthethweni nje eChicago;yamukelwe eNew York City, lapho i-Amazon.com Inc. inamabhayisikili kagesi anjalo angama-200 ukuze alethwe.
UKatelyn Williams, umnikazi ka-ayisikhilimu, wathi: “Kuhlale kusiza ukungabi nalo iloli elikhulu likadizili.”
Lena imfuneko yokuletha umhlaba wamabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi noma amabhayisikili amathathu kagesi asathuthuka.Kuyisethi encane yamabhayisikili asizwa nge-pedal kagesi asedume kakhulu phakathi nobhubhane.Abasekeli bathi izimoto ezincane ezisebenza ngogesi zingahamba ibanga elifushane futhi zilethe izimpahla ngokushesha ezindaweni eziminyene zedolobha, kuyilapho zinciphisa ukuminyana, umsindo nokungcola okubangelwa amaloli e-forklift.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwezomnotho akukakafakazelwa emigwaqweni yase-United States abathanda izimoto.Le ndlela idinga ukucatshangelwa kabusha kokuthi izimpahla zingena kanjani edolobheni.Uhlobo olusha lwe-alien ngokuqinisekile luzobangela ukungqubuzana ezindaweni esezivele zigcwele izimoto, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, nabahamba ngezinyawo.
Amabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi ayisixazululo esingenzeka kwenye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu kwezokuthutha.Uzithola kanjani izimpahla ngesixhumanisi sokugcina kusuka endaweni yokugcina impahla kuya emnyango?
Ikhanda elibuhlungu ukuthi nakuba isifiso sokuletha sibonakala singenamkhawulo, isikhala somgwaqo asinjalo.
Abantu abahlala emadolobheni sebejwayelene namaveni apakiwe (napakwa kabusha) namathilamu anamalambu ayingozi akhanyayo.Kubantu abadlula ngendlela, lokhu kusho ukuminyana okwengeziwe kwezimoto kanye nokungcoliswa komoya.Kubathumeli, lokhu kusho izindleko eziphezulu zokulethwa kanye nezikhathi zokulethwa ezihamba kancane.Ngo-Okthoba, abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseWashington bathola ukuthi amaloli athutha achitha u-28% wesikhathi sawo sokulethwa efuna izindawo zokupaka.
UMary Catherine Snyder, onguchwepheshe wezokupaka eDolobheni LaseSeattle, waveza: “Isidingo semibhoshongo sikhulu kakhulu kunalokho esikudinga ngempela.Idolobha laseSeattle lizame amabhayisikili amathathu kagesi nge-UPS Inc. ngonyaka odlule.
Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ukhulise isiphithiphithi.Ngesikhathi sokuvalwa, izimboni zesevisi ezifana ne-UPS ne-Amazon zaba neziqongo.Ihhovisi lingase lingabi nalutho, kodwa umgwaqo osedolobheni uphinde wavinjwa abantu bokuthutha abasebenzisa izinsiza ze-Grubhub Inc. kanye ne-DoorDash Inc. ukuze bahambise ukudla kusuka endaweni yokudlela kuya ekhaya.
Ukuhlolwa kuyaqhubeka.Ezinye izinkampani zezimpahla zihlola ukuthi ikhasimende lingakwazi yini ukukhokhela umnyango ukuze ligweme umnyango, futhi esikhundleni salokho zifaka amaphakheji emalokha, noma esimweni sase-Amazon, esiqwini semoto.Ama-drones angenzeka, nakuba ebiza kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthuthwa kwezinto ezingasindi, ezinenani eliphezulu njengemithi.
Abasekeli bathi amabhayisikili amathathu amancane aguquguqukayo ayashesha kunamaloli futhi akhiqiza umusi omncane wokufudumala.Iyakwazi ukulawuleka kalula kuthrafikhi, futhi ingapakwa endaweni encane noma eceleni komgwaqo.
Ngokocwaningo lwamabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi asetshenziswe eNyuvesi yaseToronto ngonyaka odlule, ukushintsha amabhayisikili ajwayelekile athwala impahla ngamabhayisikili kagesi kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngamathani angu-1.9 metric ngonyaka-yize amabhayisikili kagesi amaningi kanye namaloli ajwayelekile adingeka kakhulu.
I-CEO ye-B-line nomsunguli uFranklin Jones (uFranklin Jones) uthe kuwebhu yakamuva ukuthi umphakathi ominyene, wehlisa izindleko zokuhamba ngamabhayisikili.
Ukuze amabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi achume, kufanele kwenziwe ushintsho olubalulekile: izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezincane zasendaweni.Izinkampani eziningi zempahla zilungisa izindawo zazo zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu emaphethelweni edolobha.Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi uhla lwamabhayisikili lufushane kakhulu, adinga izinsiza eziseduze.Abizwa ngokuthi ama-mini hubs.
Lesi sakhiwo esincane esibizwa ngokuthi ihhotela lezokuthutha sesivele sisetshenziswa e-Paris.Kulolu gwini, inkampani esaqalayo ebizwa nge-Reef Technology iwine uxhaso lwezigidi ezingu-700 zamarandi endaweni yayo yokupaka izimoto edolobheni ngenyanga edlule ukuze kufakwe ukulethwa kwebanga lokugcina.
Ngokusho kweBloomberg News, i-Amazon isisungule nezikhungo ezincane zokusabalalisa eziyinkulungwane e-United States yonkana.
U-Sam Starr, umeluleki ozimele wezimpahla ezisimeme eCanada, uthe ukuze kusetshenziswe amabhayisikili ezimpahla, lawa masondo amancane adinga ukuhlakazeka endaweni engamamayela angu-2 kuye kwayi-6, kuye ngokuminyana kwedolobha.
E-United States, kuze kube manje, imiphumela ye-e-freight ayiqiniseki.Ngonyaka odlule, i-UPS yathola esivivinyweni se-e-cargo tricycle e-Seattle ukuthi ibhayisikili lilethe amaphakheji ambalwa kakhulu ngehora kunamaloli avamile emphakathini omatasa wase-Seattle.
Ucwaningo lukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlola okuthatha inyanga eyodwa kuphela kungase kube kufushane kakhulu ekulethweni kwamabhayisikili.Kodwa futhi waveza ukuthi inzuzo yamabhayisikili-usayizi omncane-futhi ubuthakathaka.
Lolu cwaningo lwathi: “Amabhayisikili kagesi athwala impahla angase angasebenzi kahle njengamaloli.”Umthamo wabo wempahla olinganiselwe usho ukuthi banganciphisa ukudiliva njalo lapho bevakasha, futhi kufanele balayishe kabusha kaningi.”
EDolobheni laseNew York, usomabhizinisi ogama lakhe lingu-Gregg Zuman, umsunguli weRevolutionary Rickshaw, ubezama ukuletha amabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi kubantu abaningi kule minyaka eyi-15 edlule.Usasebenza kanzima.
Umbono wokuqala kaZuma kwakuwukwenza inqwaba yamabhayisikili anamasondo amathathu kagesi ngo-2005. Lokho akufani nehholo lamatekisi edolobheni.Ngo-2007, uMnyango Wezimoto wanquma ukuthi amabhayisikili ebhizinisi angashayelwa abantu kuphela, okusho ukuthi ngeke ashayelwe amamotho kagesi.Urisho wenguquko wamiswa iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.
Ngonyaka odlule kube yithuba lokuqeda umgqigqo.Abantu baseNew York, njengezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni emhlabeni jikelele, babanjwe yizikuta zikagesi zasemgwaqweni kanye namabhayisikili abelwene asizwa ngogesi.
NgoZibandlela, iDolobha laseNew York lagunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala lamabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi eManhattan yizinkampani ezinkulu zezokuthutha ezifana ne-UPS, Amazon kanye ne-DHL.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokuvakasha abafana ne-Bird, Uber kanye ne-Lime bagqolozele imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yezwe futhi banxenxa isishayamthetho sezwe ukuthi sigunyaze ngokusemthethweni izithuthuthu namabhayisikili kagesi.NgoJanuwari, uMbusi u-Andrew Cuomo (D) wesula ukuphikisa kwakhe wabe eseshaya umthethosivivinywa.
UZuman uthe: "Lokhu kusenza sizinikele."Uveze ukuthi cishe wonke amabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi emakethe okungenani angama-intshi angu-48 ububanzi.
Umthetho we-Federal uhlala uthule esihlokweni samabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi.Emadolobheni nasezifundeni, uma kunemithetho, ihluke kakhulu.
Ngo-Okthoba, iChicago yaba ngelinye lamadolobha okuqala ukuhlanganisa imithetho.Amakhansela aleli dolobha agunyaze imithetho evumela amaloli asebenza ngogesi ukuthi ashayele emizileni yamabhayisikili.Banomkhawulo wejubane omkhulu ongu-15 mph nobubanzi obungamamitha angu-4.Umshayeli udinga iphasi yebhayisikili futhi ibhayisikili kufanele lipakwe endaweni evamile yokupaka.
Ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ezedlule, isiqhwaga se-e-commerce nelogistics sathi sikhiphe amabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi angaba ngu-200 e-Manhattan nase-Brooklyn, futhi sihlose ukuthuthukisa uhlelo ngokuphawulekayo.Ezinye izinkampani ze-logistics ezifana ne-DHL ne-FedEx Corp. nazo zinabashayeli bezindiza be-e-cargo, kodwa azinkulu njenge-Amazon.
UZuman uthe, "Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, i-Amazon izothuthuka ngokushesha kule makethe.""Bavele bavuke ngokushesha phambi kwawo wonke umuntu."
Imodeli yebhizinisi lase-Amazon iphikisana ne-Portland's B-line.Akuyona i-shuttle esuka kumhlinzeki uye esitolo, kodwa ukusuka esitolo kuye kukhasimende.I-Whole Foods Market Inc., isitolo esikhulu sezinto eziphilayo esiphethwe yi-Amazon, iletha igrosa endaweni yaseBrooklyn eManhattan naseWilliamsburg.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuklanywa kwezimoto zayo zikagesi nakho kuhluke ngokuphelele, okubonisa ukuthi imboni isebenza kahle kangakanani kulesi sigaba esincane.
Izimoto zase-Amazon aziwona amabhayisikili amathathu.Leli ibhayisikili likagesi elijwayelekile.Ungakwazi ukudonsa i-trailer, uyikhulule, bese ungena endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi yesakhiwo.(UZuman ukubiza ngokuthi “isondo labacebile”.) Cishe wonke amabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi akhiqizwa eYurophu.Kwamanye amazwe, amabhayisikili kagesi asetshenziswa njengezinqola noma izinto ezithwala igrosa.
Idizayini ikumephu yonke.Abanye abantu benza umgibeli ahlale eqondile, kuyilapho abanye bencika.Abanye babeka ibhokisi lempahla ngemuva, abanye babeka ibhokisi ngaphambili.Ezinye zisendaweni evulekile, kanti ezinye zigoqa umshayeli ngegobolondo lepulasitiki elikhanyayo ukuze kuvinjelwe imvula.
UJones, umsunguli wePortland, uthe idolobha lasePortland alidingi ilayisense ye-B-line futhi alidingi ukukhokha noma yiziphi izimali.Ukwengeza, umthetho we-Oregon uvumela amabhayisikili ukuthi abe nezici zokusiza amandla ezinamandla-kufika kuma-watts angu-1,000-ukuze ibhayisikili libe nesivinini esihambisana nokugeleza kwethrafikhi futhi libe nekhono lokuvumela noma ubani ukuthi akhuphuke igquma.
Uthe: “Ngaphandle kwalaba, besingeke sikwazi ukuqasha abagibeli abahlukahlukene, futhi besingeke sibe khona isikhathi sokulethwa kwezimpahla esisibonile.”
Ulayini B nawo unamakhasimende.Lena indlela yokulethwa kwemikhiqizo yasendaweni ye-New Seasons Market, okuwuchungechunge lwesifunda lwezitolo zegrosa eziphilayo eziyi-18.U-Carlee Dempsey, i-Supply Chain Logistics Manager ye-New Seasons, uthe uhlelo lwaqala eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, okwenza i-B-line yaba umxhumanisi wezokuthutha phakathi kwabahlinzeki begrosa bendawo abangu-120.
I-New Seasons ihlinzeka abahlinzeki ngenzuzo eyengeziwe: yenza u-30% wemali abayikweletayo yomugqa B.Lokhu kubasiza ukuthi bagweme abasabalalisi begrosa abavamile abanezindleko eziphezulu.
Omunye wabahlinzeki abanjalo ngu-Adam Berger, umnikazi wePortland Company Rollenti Pasta.Ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenzisa i-B-line, udinga ukuthumela ezimakethe ze-New Seasons ne-compact Scion xB yakhe usuku lonke.
Wathi: “Kwakuwunya nje.”"Ukusatshalaliswa kwemayela lokugcina yikho okusibulalayo sonke, kungaba yizimpahla ezomile, abalimi noma abanye."
Manje, wanikeza ibhokisi le-pasta kumthuthi we-B-line futhi walinyathela endaweni yokugcina impahla eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-9.Bese behanjiswa ngamaloli ajwayelekile ezitolo ezahlukene.
Uthe: “Ngivela ePortland, ngakho konke lokhu kuyingxenye yendaba.Ngingowasekhaya, ngiyingcweti.Ngikhiqiza amaqoqo amancane.Ngifuna ukwenza ukulethwa kwamabhayisikili kusebenze ngokufanele umsebenzi wami.”"kuhle."
Amarobhothi okulethwa kanye nezimoto zezinsiza zikagesi.Umthombo wesithombe: I-Starship Technologies (irobhothi lokudiliva) / Ayro (imoto enemisebenzi eminingi)
Isithombe siseduze nempahla yokudiliva yomuntu siqu ye-Starship Technologies kanye nemoto kagesi ye-Ayro Club Car 411.I-Starship Technologies (i-robot yokulethwa) / i-Ayro (imoto enemisebenzi eminingi)
Osomabhizinisi abaningana bakhomba ama-micro-ray kumathuluzi ajwayelekile okulethwa.I-Arcimoto Inc., umkhiqizi wezimoto zikagesi ezinamasondo amathathu e-Oregon, yamukela ama-oda enguqulo yokugcina yemayela le-Deliverator.Omunye ongenele u-Ayro Inc., ongumkhiqizi weloli elincane likagesi eTexas elinesivinini esikhulu esingu-25 mph.Cishe ubukhulu bekalishi yegalofu, izimoto zayo ikakhulukazi i-shuttle linen nokudla ezindaweni ezolile zethrafikhi njengezindawo zokungcebeleka namanyuvesi.
Kodwa isikhulu esiphezulu uRod Keller uthe inkampani manje yenza inguqulo engashayelwa emgwaqeni, enegumbi lokugcina ukudla ngakunye.Ikhasimende iwuchungechunge lwezindawo zokudlela ezifana ne-Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. noma i-Panera Bread Co., futhi lizama ukuletha izimpahla emnyango wekhasimende ngaphandle kokukhokha izinkokhelo ezikhokhiswa inkampani eletha ukudla manje.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona amarobhothi amancane.I-Starship Technologies ezinze e-San Francisco ithuthukisa ngokushesha imakethe yayo yezimoto eziphuma emgwaqeni enamasondo ayisithupha, engeqi ama-cooler kabhiya.Bangakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-4 futhi bafanele ukuhamba komgwaqo.
Njengo-Ayro, iqale ekhempasini kodwa iyakhula.Le nkampani ithe kuwebhusayithi yayo: "Sisebenza nezitolo nezindawo zokudlela, senza ukulethwa kwasendaweni kusheshe, kuhlakaniphe futhi kungabizi kakhulu."
Zonke lezi zimoto zinamamotho kagesi, anezinzuzo ezilandelayo: ahlanzekile, athule futhi kulula ukuwashaja.Kodwa emehlweni abahleli bedolobha, ingxenye “yemoto” isiqalile ukufiphalisa imingcele osekuyisikhathi eside ihlukanisa izimoto namabhayisikili.
"Ushintshe nini ukusuka ebhayisikilini waya emotweni?"kubuza usomabhizinisi waseNew York uZuman."Lona ngomunye wemingcele efiphele okufanele sibhekane nayo."
Enye yezindawo lapho amadolobha aseMelika engase aqale khona ukucabanga ngendlela yokulawula i-e-freight iyikhilomitha-skwele e-Santa Monica, eCalifornia.
Umcimbi iMidlalo Yama-Olympics yase-Los Angeles ezayo ka-2028.Umfelandawonye wesifunda unethemba lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamapayipi kagesi ezindaweni zamadolobha amakhulu ngekota ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa nomgomo oqinile wokuguqula u-60% wamaloli aphakathi nendawo abe amaloli kagesi.NgoJuni walo nyaka, i-Santa Monica yawina uxhaso luka-$350,000 ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yokuqala yezwe yokulethwa kwe-zero-emission.
I-Santa Monica ayikwazi nje ukuzikhulula, kodwa futhi igcine ama-curbs ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20, futhi yibo kuphela (kanye nezinye izimoto zikagesi) abangapaka le miphetho.Ziyizindawo zokupaka izimoto ze-e-cargo zokuqala ezizinikele kuleli.Ikhamera izolandelela ukuthi isikhala sisetshenziswa kanjani.
“Lokhu wukuhlola kwangempela.Lona umshayeli wendiza wangempela.”kusho uFrancis Stefan, ophethe lo msebenzi njengesikhulu esiphezulu se-Santa Monica.
Indawo yedolobha ekhishwa yiziro enyakatho ye-Los Angeles ihlanganisa indawo yedolobha kanye ne-Third Street Promenade, enye yezindawo zokuthenga ezimatasatasa eSouthern California.
"Ukukhetha umgwaqo yikho konke," kusho uMat Peterson, usihlalo weTransportation Electrification Cooperation Organisation eyakhetha iSanta Monica."Unabahlanganyeli abaningi endaweni yokudla, indawo yokulethwa, indawo [yebhizinisi-kuya-ibhizinisi]."
Le phrojekthi ngeke iqale ezinye izinyanga eziyisithupha, kodwa ochwepheshe bathi izingxabano phakathi kwamabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi neminye imizila yamabhayisikili ayinakugwenywa.
ULisa Nisenson, uchwepheshe wezokuhamba kwa-WGI, inkampani eklama ingqalasizinda yomphakathi, uthe: “Kusenjalo, kwaba neqembu labantu ababezogibela, abagibeli kanye nosomabhizinisi.”“Kwaqala ukugcwala.”
Umeluleki wezimpahla u-Starr uthe ngenxa yezinyathelo zayo ezincane, imikhumbi ye-electronic cargo ingapakwa eceleni komgwaqo, ikakhulukazi "endaweni yefenisha", ehlala amabhokisi eposi, izitoko zezindaba, izigxobo zezibani nezihlahla.
Kodwa kuleyo ndawo ewumngcingo, amabhayisikili athwala impahla kagesi ahamba emizileni yamasondo ezimoto ezisebenzisa kabi amalungelo: izithuthuthu zikagesi zidume kabi ngokuvimbela ukuhamba kwabantu emadolobheni amaningi.
U-Ethan Bergson, okhulumela uMnyango Wezokuthutha eSeattle, uthe: “Kuyinselelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bapaka ngendlela efanele ukuze bangakhi izithiyo kubantu abakhubazekile eceleni komgwaqo.”
U-Nissensen uthe uma izimoto ezincane ezithwala kanzima zingakwazi ukuhambisana nalo mkhuba, khona-ke amadolobha angase adinge ukudala isethi eyodwa esikhundleni salokho akubiza ngokuthi "amaphaseji ahambayo", okungukuthi, amasethi amabili abantu abavamile kanye nenye amabhizinisi amancane.
Kukhona nethuba kwenye ingxenye ye-asphalt landscape eshiywe emashumini eminyaka amuva nje: ama-alleys.
“Uqala ukucabanga ngokubuyela esikhathini esizayo, ukhiphe eminye imisebenzi yezentengiselwano usuka emgwaqweni omkhulu ungene phakathi nendawo, lapho kungase kungabi khona omunye umuntu ngaphandle kwabathuthi bakadoti okunengqondo?”Kubuza uNisensen.
Eqinisweni, ikusasa lokulethwa kwamandla amancane lingase libuyele esikhathini esedlule.Amaloli amaningi adonsa kanzima, aphefumulayo edizili afuna ukushintshwa ngamabhayisikili ezimpahla zikagesi aphethwe futhi asetshenziswa yi-UPS, inkampani eyasungulwa ngo-1907.